Farengeyt sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{Oʻlchov birligi
| nomi          = Farengeyt
| tasvir         = Raumthermometer Fahrenheit+Celsius.jpg
| tagyozuv       = Farengeyt (tashqi hoshiyada belgilangan) va [[Selsiy shkalasi|Selsiy]] (ichki qismda belgilangan) daraja birliklariga ega termometr
| tizim      = [[Imperial va Amerika oʻlchov tizimlari|Imperial/AQSh odatiy oʻlchov birliklari tizimi]]
| kattalik      = Harorat
| belgisi        = °F
| nomlanishi    = [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]] sharafiga nomlangan
| convertfromx  = yes
| units1        = [[SI asosiy birliklari]]
| inunits1      = {{sfrac|5|9}}(<math>x</math>&nbsp;+459,67)&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]]
| units2 = [[SI hosilaviy birliklari]]
| inunits2 = {{sfrac|5|9}}(<math>x</math>&nbsp;− 32)&nbsp;[[Selsiy shkalasi|°C]]
| units3 = [[Imperial oʻlchov birliklari|Imperial]]/[[AQSh odatiy oʻlchov birliklari|AQSh]] [[mutlaq shkala]]
| inunits3 = <math>x</math>&nbsp;+ 459,67&nbsp;[[Rankin shkalasi|°Ra]]
| vikiombor = 
}}
'''Farengeyt shkalasi''' — 1724-yilda yevropalik fizik [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]] (1686–1736) tomonidan taklif qilingan [[Temperatura shkalalari|harorat shkalasi]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VC-RuN6moREC&q=fahrenheit%20temperature%20scale%20inventor%20book&pg=PA9 |page = 9 |first = Robert T. |last = Balmer |title = Modern Engineering Thermodynamics |publisher = Academic Press |year = 2010 |access-date = 17 July 2011 |isbn = 978-0-12-374996-3 }}</ref>. Ushbu harorat shkalasida birlik sifatida '''Farengeyt darajasi''' (belgisi: '''°F''') qoʻllaniladi. Fahrenheitning oʻz shkalasini qanday belgilagani haqidagi turli maʼlumotlar mavjud, biroq asl maqolada quyi nuqta, yaʼni 0 °F, suv, [[muz]] va [[ammoniy xlorid]] ([[Tuzlar|tuz]]) aralashmasidan tayyorlangan shoʻr eritmaning (namakobning) muzlash [[harorat]]i sifatida belgilanganligi qayd etilgan<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |access-date = 2018-02-09 |title=Fahrenheit: Facts, History & Conversion Formulas |url=https://www.livescience.com/39916-fahrenheit.html |website = Live Science }}</ref>. Yuqori chegara esa Fahrenheitning odam tanasining oʻrtacha harorati haqidagi eng yaxshi taxminiga asoslangan boʻlib, dastlab 90 °F, keyinchalik esa 96 °F daraja qilib belgilangan (shkala keyinchalik qayta taʼriflangani sababli, bu koʻrsatkich hozirgi zamonaviy qiymatdan taxminan 2,6 °F pastroq)<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Fahrenheit-temperature-scale |title = Fahrenheit temperature scale |encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date = 25 September 2015 }}</ref>.

<nowiki>XX</nowiki> asrning aksariyat qismi davomida Farengeyt shkalasi bir-biridan 180 °F ga farq qiladigan ikkita qatʼiy nuqta bilan belgilangan edi: toza suvning muzlash nuqtasi (yoki muzning erish nuqtasi){{Ostki izoh|Koʻpgina moddalar uchun erish va muzlash nuqtalari taxminan teng boʻladi.}} 32 °F va qaynash nuqtasi 212 °F deb belgilangan boʻlib<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Oʻzbek sovet ensiklopediyasi |year=1979 |editor=Bosh muharrir: K. A. Zufarov |series=12-tom (''Fazo — Shashka''). |pages=23 |location=Toshkent}}</ref>, bu koʻrsatkichlar [[dengiz sathi]]da hamda [[standart atmosfera bosimi]] ostida oʻlchangan. Hozirgi kunda esa bu shkala rasman [[Kelvin (oʻlchov birligi)|Kelvin]] shkalasi yordamida aniqlanadi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/busting-myths-about-metric-system |title = Busting Myths about the Metric System |publisher = US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)|date = 6 October 2020|last1 = Benham |first1 = Elizabeth }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=NIST Handbook 44 -Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices - 2022|url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/publications/nist-handbooks/handbook-44-current-edition |chapter-url=https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2021/11/30/2022-HB44-Section-Appendix-C.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227073804/https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2021/11/30/2022-HB44-Section-Appendix-C.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-27 |url-status=live |chapter= Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement |publisher = US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)| date= 2021-yil 29-noyabr}}</ref>.

Uni [[Qoʻshma Shtatlar]], AQSh bilan erkin uyushgan Gʻarbiy Tinch okeanidagi davlatlar ([[Palau]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://palaugov.org/climate-statistics/ |title=Republic of Palau National Government {{!}} Climate Statistics |access-date=2015-02-13 |archive-date=2015-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213044016/http://palaugov.org/climate-statistics/ |deadlink=no }}</ref>, [[Mikroneziya Federativ Shtatlari]] va [[Marshall orollari]]), [[Kayman orollari]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page?_pageid=4421,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title=National Weather Service |access-date=2015-02-13 |archive-date=2015-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213043119/http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page?_pageid=4421,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |deadlink=no }}</ref> hamda [[Liberiya]]da qoʻllashda davom etilmoqda.

Farengeyt shkalasi hozirgi kunda ham AQSh [[metrologiya]] xizmatidan foydalanadigan [[Antigua va Barbuda]], [[Sent Kitts va Nevis]], [[Bagam orollari]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bahamas.com/weather |title=Weather {{!}} The Official Site of The Bahamas |access-date=2015-02-13 |archive-date=2015-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217012052/http://www.bahamas.com/weather |deadlink=no }}</ref> va [[Beliz]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hydromet.gov.bz/ |title=Hydromet |access-date=2015-02-13 |archive-date=2015-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209233910/http://www.hydromet.gov.bz/ |deadlink=no }}</ref> kabi mamlakatlarda [[Selsiy shkalasi]] bilan bir qatorda qoʻllaniladi. Shuningdek, [[Britaniya Virgin orollari|Virgin orollari]], [[Montserrat]], [[Anguilla (Buyuk Britaniya)|Anguilla]] va [[Bermud orollari]] kabi bir qator Britaniyaning dengizorti hududlarida ham har ikkala shkala ishlatiladi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://metricviews.org.uk/2012/10/50-years-of-celsius-weather-forecasts-%E2%80%93-time-to-kill-off-fahrenheit-for-good/ |title = 50 years of Celsius weather forecasts – time to kill off Fahrenheit for good? &#124; Metric Views |access-date = 28 July 2019 |archive-date = 2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002102817/http://metricviews.org.uk/2012/10/50-years-of-celsius-weather-forecasts-%E2%80%93-time-to-kill-off-fahrenheit-for-good/ |url-status = dead }}</ref>. Boshqa barcha mamlakatlar hozirda Farengeyt shkalasidan 18 yil keyin ixtiro qilingan Selsiydan (1948-yilgacha „santigrad“ deb atalgan) foydalanadi<ref>Celsius, Anders (1742) „Observationer om twänne beständiga grader på en thermometer“ (Observations about two stable degrees on a thermometer), Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar (Proceedings of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences), 3: 171–180 and Fig. 1.</ref>.

== Taʼrifi va konversiya qilinishi ==
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Farengeyt haroratini konversiya qilish formulalari
|-
! !! Farengeytdan !! Farengeytga
|-
| [[Selsiy shkalasi|Selsiy]] || <math>x</math>&nbsp;°F&nbsp;≘&nbsp;(<math>x</math>&nbsp;−&nbsp;32)&nbsp;×&nbsp;{{sfrac|5|9}}&nbsp;°C || <math>x</math>&nbsp;°C&nbsp;≘&nbsp;(<math>x</math>&nbsp;×&nbsp;{{sfrac|9|5}}&nbsp;+&nbsp;32)&nbsp;°F
|-
| [[Kelvin (oʻlchov birligi)|Kelvin]] || <math>x</math>&nbsp;°F&nbsp;≘&nbsp;(<math>x</math>&nbsp;+&nbsp;459,67)&nbsp;×&nbsp;{{sfrac|5|9}}&nbsp;K || <math>x</math>&nbsp;K&nbsp;≘&nbsp;(<math>x</math>&nbsp;×&nbsp;{{sfrac|9|5}}&nbsp;−&nbsp;459,67)&nbsp;°F
|-
| [[Rankin shkalasi|Rankin]] || <math>x</math>&nbsp;°F&nbsp;≘&nbsp;(<math>x</math>&nbsp;+&nbsp;459,67)&nbsp;°R || <math>x</math>&nbsp;°R&nbsp;≘&nbsp;(<math>x</math>&nbsp;−&nbsp;459,67)&nbsp;°F
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Aniq haroratlar oʻrniga harorat ''intervallaridan'' foydalanish uchun,<br />1&nbsp;°F&nbsp;=&nbsp;1&nbsp;°R&nbsp;=&nbsp;⁠{{sfrac|5|9}}&nbsp;°C&nbsp;=&nbsp;{{sfrac|5|9}}&nbsp;K<br /><small>[[Harorat shkalalari konversiyasi]]</small>
|}
Tarixan, Farengeyt shkalasida suvning [[Erish harorati|muzlash nuqtasi]] 32 °F, [[Qaynash harorati|qaynash nuqtasi]] esa 212 °F (standart atmosfera bosimida) boʻlgan<ref name=":2">{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.allthescience.org/what-is-the-history-of-the-fahrenheit-scale.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com |sarlavha=What is the History of the Fahrenheit Scale? |sana=2024-yil 21-may |qaralgan sana=2024-yil 17-dekabr |muallif=O. Wallace}}</ref>. Shunga koʻra, suvning qaynash va muzlash nuqtalari orasidagi farq 180 daraja qilib belgilangan<ref name="rank" />. Shu sababli, Farengeyt shkalasidagi bir daraja muzlash va qaynash nuqtalari orasidagi intervalning 1⁄180 qismiga teng boʻlgan. Selsiy shkalasida esa suvning muzlash va qaynash nuqtalari orasidagi farq dastlab 100 daraja etib belgilangan. 1 °F harorat intervali 5⁄9 Selsiy darajasiga teng boʻlgan<ref name=":2" />. Farengeyt va Selsiy shkalalari hozirda [[Kelvin (oʻlchov birligi)|kelvin]] orqali aniqlanishiga qaramasdan, bu nisbat saqlanib qolgan: 1 °F harorat intervali 5⁄9 K va 5⁄9 °C intervaliga teng. Farengeyt va Selsiy shkalalari oʻz birliklarida −40 darajada kesishadi (yaʼni, −40 °F ⇒ −40 °C)<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/fahrenheit-celsius-equivalents-609236 |sarlavha=At What Temperature Does Fahrenheit Equal Celsius? |sana=2024-yil 7-iyun |qaralgan sana=2024-yil 17-dekabr |muallif=Anne Marie Helmenstine}}</ref>.

[[Mutlaq nol]] 0 K, −273,15 °C yoki −459,67 °F ga teng. [[Rankin shkalasi|Rankin harorat shkalasi]]da Farengeyt shkalasiniki bilan bir xil oʻlchamdagi daraja intervallari qoʻllaniladi, biroq bu shkalada mutlaq nol 0 °R hisoblanadi. Xuddi shuningdek, Kelvin harorat shkalasi ham Selsiy shkalasiga mos keladi, faqat bunda mutlaq nol 0 K ga teng boʻladi. Bu ikki holat bir-biriga oʻxshash, lekin har bir shkala oʻziga xos mutlaq nol nuqtasiga ega<ref name="rank">{{cite book |pages = 273–274 |first = Walt |last = Boyes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvscLzOlkNgC&q=rankine%20temperature%20scale%20book&pg=PA273 |title = Instrumentation Reference Book |publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann |year = 2009 |access-date = 17 July 2011 |isbn = 978-0-7506-8308-1 }}</ref>.

[[Daraja belgisi]] (°) va undan keyin kelgan katta F harfi birikmasidan Farengeyt harorat shkalasining anʼanaviy belgisi sifatida foydalaniladi. Bu belgi oldidan boʻsh joy qoldirilgan holda yozilgan raqam maʼlum bir harorat nuqtasini ifodalaydi (masalan, „[[Galliy]] 85,5763&nbsp;°F da eriydi“). Haroratlar orasidagi farq yoki haroratdagi noaniqlik ham odatda xuddi shu tarzda yoziladi, masalan, „Bizning standart xatoligimiz ±5 °F ni tashkil etadi“. Biroq, baʼzi mualliflar harorat farqlarini koʻrsatish uchun belgilar tartibini oʻzgartirib, „50 F° oshirish“ kabi yozuvlardan foydalanadilar. Selsiy shkalasi uchun ham shunga oʻxshash konvensiyalar mavjud<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dingman |first1=S. L. |title=Fluvial Hydraulics |date=2009-yil 26-fevral |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-517286-7 |page=522 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvwRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA522 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sogin |first1=Harold H. |last2=Hassan |first2=Kamal-Eldin |title=A design manual for regenerative heat exchangers of the rotary type |date=1956-yil iyun |publisher=Wright Air Development Center |page=xii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6cYnAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA9-PR12 |language=en}}</ref>.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Selsiy, Farangeyt, Reomyur va Rankin shkalalari orasidagi nisbat<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Issiqlik texnikasi |url=https://lib.jdpu.uz/storage/uploads/files/Issiqlik%20texnikasi%20R.A.%20Zoxidov%202010.pdf |author=R.A. Zohidov, M.M. Alimova, SH.S. Mavjudova |publisher=Oʻzbekiston faylasuflari milliy jamiyati nashriyoti |location=Toshkent |year=2010 |isbn=998-9943-319-88-1 |pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Issiqlik texnikasi |author=E. Oʻ. Madaliyev |publisher=Fargʻona nashriyoti |year=2009 |url=https://elektronkutubxona.nammqi.uz/public/uz/ebooks/issiqlik-texnikasi |pages=9}}</ref>
|-
| Shkalalarning nomi || Selsiy shkalasi, t, °C || Rankin shkalasi, t, °R || Farengeyt shkalasi, t, °F || Reomyur shkalasi, t, °Ré
|-
| Selsiy shkalasi, °C || {{N/A|—}} || {{sfrac|5|9}} t °R – 273,15 || {{sfrac|t °F – 32|1,8}} || 1,25 t °Ré
|-
| Rankin shkalasi, °R || 1,8 (t °C + 273,15) || {{N/A|—}} || t °F + 459,67 || 1,8 (1,25 t °Ré + 273,15)
|-
| Farengeyt shkalasi, °F || 1,8 t °C + 32 || t °R – 459,67 || {{N/A|—}} || {{sfrac|9|4}} t °Ré
|-
| Reomyur shkalasi, °Ré || 0,8 t °C || 0,8 ({{sfrac|5|9}} t °R – 273,15) || {{sfrac|4|9}} (t °F – 32)|| {{N/A|—}}
|}
=== Konversiya (aniq harorat nuqtasi) ===
Farengeyt va Selsiy darajalari hamda maʼlum bir harorat nuqtasidagi kelvinlar oʻrtasidagi aniq konversiyani amalga oshirish uchun quyidagi formulalarni qoʻllash mumkin. Bu yerda <math>f</math> – Farengeyt darajasidagi qiymat, <math>c</math> – Selsiy darajasidagi qiymat va <math>k</math> – kelvinlardagi qiymatni anglatadi:
* <math>f</math>&nbsp;°F dan <math>c</math>&nbsp;°C ga: <math>c</math> = {{sfrac|<math>f</math> − 32|1,8}}
* <math>c</math>&nbsp;°C dan <math>f</math>&nbsp;°F ga: <math>f</math> = <math>c</math> × 1,8 + 32
* <math>f</math>&nbsp;°F dan <math>k</math>&nbsp;K ga: <math>k</math> = {{sfrac|<math>f</math> + 459,67|1,8}}
* <math>k</math>&nbsp;K dan <math>f</math>&nbsp;°F ga: <math>f</math> = <math>k</math> × 1,8 − 459,67

Shuningdek, Selsiy va Farengeyt shkalalari orasidagi −40 °F ≘ −40 °C moslikdan foydalangan holda aniq konversiya qilish usuli ham mavjud. Bunda yana <math>f</math> – Farengeyt darajasidagi son qiymati, <math>c</math> – Selsiy darajasidagi son qiymatini anglatadi:
* <math>f</math>&nbsp;°F dan <math>c</math>&nbsp;°C ga: <math>c</math> = {{sfrac|<math>f</math> + 40|1,8}} − 40
* <math>c</math>&nbsp;°C dan <math>f</math>&nbsp;°F ga: <math>f</math> = (<math>c</math> + 40) × 1,8 − 40

=== Konversiya (harorat farqi yoki interval) ===
Farengeyt va Selsiy shkalalari orasidagi harorat intervalini konversiya qilishda faqat nisbat qoʻllaniladi, hech qanday doimiy son ishlatilmaydi (bu holda interval Selsiy darajalaridagi kabi kelvinlarda ham bir xil son qiymatiga ega boʻladi):
* <math>f</math>&nbsp;°F dan <math>c</math>&nbsp;°C yoki <math>k</math>&nbsp;K ga: <math>c</math> = <math>k</math> = {{sfrac|<math>f</math>|1,8}}
* <math>c</math>&nbsp;°C yoki <math>k</math>&nbsp;K dan <math>f</math>&nbsp;°F ga: <math>f</math> = <math>c</math> × 1,8 = <math>k</math> × 1,8

=== Harorat birliklari konversiyasining nomogrammasi ===
{{Harorat birliklari konversiyasi nomogrammasi}}

== Tarixi ==
Fahrenheit 1724-yilda oʻzining harorat shkalasini taklif etib, uni haroratning ikkita asosiy nuqtasiga asoslantirdi. Uning dastlabki shkalasida (bu yakuniy Farengeyt shkalasi emas) nol nuqtasi [[termometr]]ni „[[muz]], suv va ''salis Armoniaci''{{Ostki izoh|1= „Sal Armoniac“ ammoniy xloridning toza boʻlmagan shakli edi. Fransuz kimyogari Nicolas Lémery (1645–1715) oʻzining ''{{lang|fr|Cours de Chymie}}'' (ing. ''A Course of Chemistry'', 1675-yil) kitobida ushbu mineralni muhokama qilib, uning tabiiy holda qayerda uchrashini va qanday qilib sunʼiy yoʻl bilan tayyorlash mumkinligini tasvirlagan. ''Sal Armoniac'' tabiiy ravishda Shimoliy Afrika choʻllarida uchraydi, u yerda hayvon peshobi koʻlmaklarining qurishidan hosil boʻladi. Uni sunʼiy yoʻl bilan tayyorlash uchun 5 qism siydik, 1 qism dengiz tuzi va 1⁄2 qism moʻri qurumini aralashma quriguncha qaynatish kerak. Keyin aralashma sublimatsiya qozonida sublimatsiyalanguncha qizdiriladi; sublimatsiyalangan kristallar ''sal Armoniac'' deb ataladi.
Qarang:
* Nicolas Lémery, ''Cours de chymie'' […], 7-tahrir. (Parij, Fransiya: Estienne Michallet, 1688), ''Chapitre XVII: du Sel Armoniac'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=4k54-UD6uR4C&pg=PT338 338–339-betlar].
** Inglizcha tarjimasi: Nicolas Lémery va James Keill, tarj., ''A Course of Chymistry'' […], 3-tahrir. (London, Angliya: Walter Kettilby, 1698), Chap. XVII: of Sal Armoniack, 383-bet, onlayn holda [http://dfg-viewer.de/show/?tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de%2Foai%2F%3Fverb%3DGetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dmets%26identifier%3D1882311&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=431&tx_dlf%5Bdouble%5D=0&cHash=c8dd26af74e251df9bd96a6e4221344b Heinrich Heine University (Düsseldorf, Germany)]da mavjud.}} (tarj. [[ammoniy xlorid]]) yoki hatto dengiz tuzi aralashmasi“ga joylashtirish orqali aniqlangan<ref name=":1" />. Bu aralashma haroratini oʻz-oʻzidan barqarorlashtiruvchi [[Evtektika|evtektik tizimni]] hosil qiladi: 0 °F aynan shu barqaror harorat darajasi sifatida belgilangan. Ikkinchi nuqta, 96 daraja, taxminan odam tanasining haroratiga toʻgʻri kelgan<ref name=":1">Fahrenheit, Daniele Gabr. (1724) [https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rstl.1724.0016 Experimenta & observationes de congelatione aquæ in vacuo factæ a D. G. Fahrenheit, R. S. S] (Experiments and observations on water freezing in the void by D. G. Fahrenheit, R. S. S.),
''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London'', 33-jild, no.&nbsp;382, 78-bet (1724-yil mart-aprel). Quyida tarjima qilingan: http://www.sizes.com:80/units/temperature_Fahrenheit.htm.</ref>. Uchinchi nuqta, 32 daraja esa, „yuqorida tilga olingan tuzlarsiz“ muz va suvning harorati sifatida belgilangan<ref name=":1" />.

Nemis hikoyasiga koʻra, Fahrenheit dastlab 1708–1709-yilning qishida tugʻilgan shahri [[Gdańsk|Danzigda]] (hozirgi Gdańsk, [[Polsha]]) kuzatilgan eng past havo haroratini 0 °F sifatida belgilagan va faqat keyinchalik bu qiymatni tuzli suv yordamida takroriy hosil qilish zaruriyati tugʻilgan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deutscher-wetterdienst.de/lexikon/index.htm?ID=L&DAT=Lufttemperatur |title = Wetterlexikon - Lufttemperatur |publisher=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] |access-date=13 December 2013 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015045624/http://www.deutscher-wetterdienst.de/lexikon/index.htm?ID=L&DAT=Lufttemperatur |archive-date=15 October 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>.

Fahrenheitning doʻsti [[Herman Boerhaave]]ga yozgan xatiga koʻra<ref>Ernst Cohen and W. A. T. Cohen-De Meester. ''Chemisch Weekblad'', 33-jild (1936), 374–393-betlar, quyida tarjima qilingan: http://www.sizes.com:80/units/temperature_Fahrenheit.htm.</ref>, uning shkalasi u ilgari uchrashgan [[Ole Rømer]]ning shkalasiga asoslangan edi. [[Rømer shkalasi]]da tuzli suv nolda muzlaydi, suv 7,5 darajada muzlaydi hamda eriydi, tana harorati 22,5 darajaga teng va suv 60 darajada qaynaydi. Fahrenheit shkalasining qiymatidagi kasrlarni yoʻq qilish va uni aniqroq qilish uchun har bir qiymatni 4 ga koʻpaytirdi. Soʻngra u oʻz shkalasini muzning erish nuqtasi va odamning normal tana haroratini (30 va 90 daraja boʻlgan) qoʻllab qayta kalibrladi, yaʼni aniq oʻlchamga keltirdi. Fahrenheit shkalani shunday moslaganki, muzning erish nuqtasi 32 daraja, tana harorati esa 96 daraja boʻlgan. Natijada, ikkita nuqta orasida 64 ta interval paydo boʻlgan. Bu esa unga oʻz asboblaridagi daraja chiziqlarini intervallarni 6 marta teng ikkiga boʻlish orqali belgilash imkonini bergan (chunki 64 = 2⁶)<ref name="TMU">{{cite book |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-71590-4 |last1=Frautschi |first1=Steven C. |author2=Richard P. Olenick |author3=Tom M. Apostol |author4=David L. Goodstein |title = The mechanical universe: mechanics and heat |date=2008-yil 14-yanvar |page=502 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.straightdope.com/21342402/fahrenheit-scale-0-100-significance
|publisher=The Straight Dope
|title = On the Fahrenheit scale, do 0 and 100 have any special significance?
|first = Cecil |last = Adams |date=1989-12-15
}}</ref>.

Fahrenheit tez orada bu shkaladan foydalanib, suvning taxminan 212 darajada qaynashini aniqladi<ref>Fahrenheit, Daniele Gabr. (1724) [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/33/381-391/1.full.pdf+html „Experimenta circa gradum caloris liquorum nonnullorum ebullientium instituta“]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629074815/http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/33/381-391/1.full.pdf+html |date=2014-yil 29-iyun }} (Experiments performed concerning the degree of heat of some boiling liquids), ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London'', '''33''' : 1–3. Inglizcha tarjima uchun, qarang: [https://web.lemoyne.edu/giunta/fahrenheit.html Le Moyne College (Syracuse, New York)].</ref>. Suvning muzlash va qaynash nuqtalarini termometrning doimiy koʻrsatkichlari sifatida qoʻllash [[Selsiy Anders|Anders Celsius]] ishidan soʻng ommalashdi va bu doimiy nuqtalar 1776–1777-yillarda [[Henri Kavendish|Henry Cavendish]] boshchiligidagi [[London qirollik jamiyati|Qirollik jamiyati]] qoʻmitasi tomonidan qabul qilindi<ref>[[Hasok Chang]], ''Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress'', 8–11-betlar, Oxford University Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0198038240}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=XXXVII. The report of the Committee appointed by the Royal Society to consider of the best method of adjusting the fixed points of thermometers; and of the precautions necessary to be used in making experiments with those instruments| last1 = Cavendish | first1 = Henry
| last2 = Heberden | first2 = William
| last3 = Aubert | first3 = Alexander
| last4 = Luc | first4 = Jean Andre De
| last5 = Maskelyne | first5 = Nevil
| last6 = Horsley | first6 = Samuel
| last7 = Planta | first7 = Joseph | journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London| volume=67 | date=1777-yil 28-dekabr | issn=0261-0523 | doi=10.1098/rstl.1777.0038|doi-access=free| url=https://archive.org/details/paper-doi-10_1098_rstl_1777_0038| pages=816–857}}</ref>. Ushbu tizimga koʻra, Farengeyt shkalasi biroz oʻzgartirildi, natijada suvning muzlash harorati aynan 32 °F, qaynash harorati esa aynan 212 °F yoki suvning muzlash haroratidan 180 daraja yuqoriroq boʻldi. Shu sababli odamning normal tana harorati qayta koʻrib chiqilgan shkala boʻyicha taxminan 98,6 °F (ogʻiz harorati)ni tashkil etdi (Farengeytning asl shkalasida esa 96° ga teng boʻlgan edi)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elert |first1=Glenn |title = Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature) |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/LenaWong.shtml |access-date=2008-yil 12-aprel |doi=10.1046/j.1471-6712.2002.00069.x |year=2002 |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences |volume=16 |pages=122–8 |pmid=12000664 |last2=Forsberg |first2=C. |last3=Wahren |first3=L.K. |issue=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926162224/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/LenaWong.shtml |archive-date=26 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>.

Bugungi kundagi Farengeyt shkalasida 0 °F yuqorida taʼriflangan ammoniy xlorid eritmasining evtektik haroratiga endi mos kelmaydi. Buning oʻrniga, ushbu evtektika yakuniy Farengeyt shkalasida taxminan 4 °F darajaga toʻgʻri keladi{{Ostki izoh|Ammoniy xlorid va suvning evtektik harorati mos ravishda −15,9&nbsp;°C (3,38&nbsp;°F) va −15,4&nbsp;°C (4,28&nbsp;°F) daraja bilan qayd etilgan
* {{cite journal
|journal = J. Fluid Mech.
|last1 = Peppin|first1=S. S.|last2=Huppert|first2=H. E.|last3=Worster|first3=M. G.
|year=2008
|title = Steady-state solidification of aqueous ammonium chloride
|volume = 159
|page = 472-bet (1-jadval)
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|doi = 10.1017/S0022112008000219
|bibcode = 2008JFM...599..465P
|s2cid = 30271164
|url=http://www.itg.cam.ac.uk/people/heh/Paper209.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119222017/http://www.itg.cam.ac.uk/people/heh/Paper209.pdf |archive-date=2010-01-19 |url-status=live
}}
* {{cite journal 
|journal = Procedia Materials Science
|doi = 10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.288
|last1=Barman|first1= N.|last2=Nayak|first2= A. K.|last3=Chattopadhyay|first3= H.
|title = Solidification of a Binary Solution (NH<sub>4</sub>Cl + H<sub>2</sub>O) on an Inclined Cooling Plate: A Parametric Study
|volume = 7
|year = 2021
|page = 456-bet (1-jadval)
|url=https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/633625.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075817/https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/633625.pdf |archive-date=2019-01-15 |url-status=live
|doi-access = free
}}
}}.

[[Rankin shkalasi|Rankin harorat shkalasi]]da Farengeyt harorat shkalasiniki bilan bir xil oʻlchamdagi darajadan foydalaniladi, biroq uning nol nuqtasi [[mutlaq nol]]ga moslashtirilgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://cryo.gsfc.nasa.gov/introduction/temp_scales.html |sarlavha=Temperature Scales and Absolute Zero: Four Temperature Scales}}</ref>.

== Foydalanilishi ==
=== Umumiy ===
[[File:Countries that use Fahrenheit.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|left|Dunyo boʻylab Farengeyt va Selsiy shkalasidan foydalanish koʻlami:{{legend|#339933|Farengeyt (°F)}}
{{legend|#66cc99|Farengeyt (°F) va Selsiy (°C)}}
{{legend|#cccccc|Selsiy (°C)}}]]

1960-yillargacha inglizzabon mamlakatlarda iqlim, sanoat va tibbiyot sohalarida asosiy harorat oʻlchov standarti sifatida Farengeyt shkalasi qoʻllanilgan. 1960-yillarning oxiri va 1970-yillarda esa AQShdan tashqari bu mamlakatlarning deyarli barchasida Selsiy shkalasi Farengeyt shkalasi oʻrnini egalladi<ref name=":2" />.

Farengeyt shkalasi AQSh<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Iqlimshunoslik |author=A. Akbarov, D. Nazaraliyev, G. Jumabayeva |location=Toshkent |year=2015 |pages=34 |url=https://staff.tiiame.uz/storage/users/532/books/EApeNacXeKN8VQcTxMKyuPKfskyFPHb060dsXNQv.pdf |accessdate=2024-yil 17-dekabr}}</ref>, uning hududlari va AQSh bilan uyushgan davlatlarda (barchasida AQSh [[Milliy ob-havo xizmati]] xizmat koʻrsatadi), shuningdek, [[Liberiya]]da hamda Buyuk Britaniyaga qarashli [[Kayman orollari]]da kundalik hayotda qoʻllaniladi. AQShda barcha harorat oʻlchovlari, jumladan ob-havo maʼlumotlari, ovqat pishirish va oziq-ovqatni muzlatish haroratlarini oʻlchashda Farengeyt shkalasidan foydalaniladi. Biroq, ilmiy tadqiqotlarda harorat oʻlchovi Selsiy va Kelvin shkalalarida amalga oshiriladi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wmo.int/e-catalog/detail_en.php?PUB_ID=70&SORT=N&q=Aerodrome%20Reports%20and%20Forecasts |title=782 - Aerodrome reports and forecasts: A user's handbook to the codes |access-date=23 September 2009 |work=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref>.
[[File:Thermometer CF-uz.jpg|thumb|upright]]

=== Qoʻshma Shtatlar ===
XX asr boshlarida [[Frederick A. Halsey|Frederick Halsey]] va Samuel Dale AQShda sentigrad (hozirgi Selsiy) tizimini qoʻllashga qarshi chiqishning sabablarini koʻrsatib oʻtishgan. Bu sabablarga Selsiy darajasining kattaroq oʻlchovi va Farengeyt tizimida Selsiyga qaraganda pastroq nol nuqta mavjudligini misol qilib keltirish mumkin. Farengeyt shkalasi moʻtadil kengliklardagi tashqi haroratni ifodalashda Selsiyga qaraganda tushunarli deb hisoblanadi: 100 °F issiq yoz kunini, 0 °F esa sovuq qish kunini anglatadi. Shu bois, Farengeyt shkalasi ochiq havoda haroratni tasvirlash uchun Selsiyga nisbatan qulayroq deb taʼkidlangan<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRMPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA165 |author1=Halsey, Frederick A. |author-link1=Frederick A. Halsey |author2=Dale, Samuel S. |title=The metric fallacy |publisher=The American Institute of Weights and Measures |edition=2 |year=1919 |pages=165–166, 176–177 |access-date=19 May 2009}}</ref>.

Farengeyt shkalasi nisbatan muqim oʻrnashgan AQShda shkaladagi nochiziqlik (intervallar orasi qiymatlari teng emas) keltirib chiqargan noqulayliklar sababli aksariyat hollarda Rankin shkalasidan ham foydalaniladi<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Rahmanov |first=V. T. |last2=Umirzoqova |first2=G. A. |last3=Rayimova |first3=S. A. |last4=Aminjonova |first4=G. A. |date= |title=Oliy oʻquv yurtlarida molekulyar fizika fanidan talabalarga temperatura shkalalari va termometrlarning ishlash prinsipi haqida tasavvur tushunchalarni rivojlantirish |url=https://in-academy.uz/index.php/cajmrms/article/download/28393/18320/27940 |magazine=Central Asian journal of multidisciplinary research and management studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=196}}</ref>.

=== Kanada ===
[[Kanada]] [[Xalqaro birliklar tizimi]]ni qoʻllab-quvvatlovchi qonunchilikni qabul qilgan, shu bilan birga anʼanaviy Kanada imperial oʻlchov birliklarining huquqiy munosabatlarini ham saqlab qolgan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/W-6/page-19.html#h-17 |title=Canadian Units of Measurement; Department of Justice, Weights and Measures Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. W-6) |access-date=5 June 2011 |date=17 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513063917/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/W-6/page-19.html#h-17 |archive-date=13 May 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>. Kanada ob-havo maʼlumotlari Selsiy darajalarida beriladi, biroq chegaralararo eshittirishlar paytida baʼzan Farengeyt ham tilga olinadi. Hali-hanuz deyarli barcha Kanada [[Pech (qurilma)|pechlarida]] Farengeyt shkalasi ishlatiladi<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20000604/4024917/did-canada-go-metric-yes---and-no |title=Did Canada go metric? Yes - and no |last=Pearlstein |first=Steven |access-date=5 June 2011 |date=4 June 2000 |work=The Seattle Times}}</ref>. Kanadada sotiladigan raqamli va analog termometrlarda odatda ham Selsiy, ham Farengeyt shkalalari qoʻllaniladi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadiantire.ca/AST/browse/2/OutdoorLiving/GardenDecor/ClocksThermometers/PRD~0429116P/12-in.%252BThermometer%25252C%252BWhite.jsp?locale=en |title=Example of analog thermometer frequently used in Canada |access-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706171604/http://www.canadiantire.ca/AST/browse/2/OutdoorLiving/GardenDecor/ClocksThermometers/PRD~0429116P/12-in.%2BThermometer%2C%2BWhite.jsp?locale=en |archive-date=6 July 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadiantire.ca/AST/browse/3/HouseHome/HomeDecor/Thermometers/PRD~0429929P/Deluxe%252BWeather%252BStation.jsp?locale=en |title=Example of digital thermometer frequently used in Canada |access-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706171434/http://www.canadiantire.ca/AST/browse/3/HouseHome/HomeDecor/Thermometers/PRD~0429929P/Deluxe%2BWeather%2BStation.jsp?locale=en |archive-date=6 July 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="Canadian-unit-laws">{{cite web |url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/W-6/page-2.html |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110810220840/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/W-6/page-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2011 |title=Canadian Weights and Measures Act |author=Department of Justice |publisher=Federal Government of Canada |access-date=17 July 2011 |date=26 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>.

=== Yevropa Ittifoqi ===
[[Yevropa Ittifoqi]]da „iqtisodiy, jamoat salomatligi, jamoat xavfsizligi va maʼmuriy“ maqsadlar uchun haroratni koʻrsatishda Kelvin yoki Selsiy darajalaridan foydalanish majburiydir. Biroq, Farengeyt darajasi Selsiy darajasi bilan birga qoʻshimcha oʻlchov birligi sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin<ref>{{citation
|url=http://origin-www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/3046/pdfs/uksi_20093046_en.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101064857/http://origin-www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/3046/pdfs/uksi_20093046_en.pdf
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 2017-01-01
|title = Statutory Instrument 2009/3046 – Weights and Measures – The Units of Measurement Regulations 2009
|quote = "The Secretary of State, being a Minister designated(a) for the purposes of section 2(2) of the European Communities Act 1972(b) in relation to units of measurement to be used for economic, health, safety, or administrative purposes, in exercise of the powers conferred by that subsection, makes the following Regulations:
}}</ref>.

=== Birlashgan Qirollik ===
Aksariyat britaniyaliklar Selsiy shkalasidan foydalanadi<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-07-24 |title=The media like Fahrenheit but most Brits think in Celsius |url=https://www.opinium.com/the-media-like-fahrenheit-but-most-brits-think-in-celsius/ |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=Opinium |language=en-GB}}</ref>. Biroq, baʼzan bosma ommaviy axborot vositalarida Farengeyt koʻrsatkichlari Selsiy darajasi bilan birga keltirilishi mumkin, bunda oʻlchov birligi qoʻshilishi uchun aniq belgilangan qoida yoʻq.

Masalan, ''[[The Times]]'' gazetasida toʻliq metrik tizimda kunlik ob-havo sahifasi beriladi, ammo unda Selsiyni Farengeytga aylantirish jadvali ham mavjud<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Weather |date=2013-07-03 |pages=55 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>. [[Buyuk Britaniya]]ning ayrim tabloid gazetalari oʻrta va yuqori haroratlarni Farengeyt shkalasida koʻrsatish anʼanasini qabul qilgan<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/dec/29/newspapers-run-hot-and-cold-over-celsius-and-fahrenheit |title=Newspapers run hot and cold over Celsius and Fahrenheit |date=29 May 2014 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |author=Roy Greenslade}}</ref>. Farengeytdan foydalanishning asosiy sababi yuqori haroratlarni taʼkidlash uchun deb taxmin qilinadi: odamlarga „-6 °C“ daraja „21 °F“ darajaga qaraganda sovuqroq haroratdek, „94 °F“ daraja esa „34 °C“ darajaga nisbatan issiqroqdek tuyuladi<ref name="T20060223">{{cite news |title=Measure for measure |date=23 February 2006 |work=The Times }}</ref>.

== Yunikodda Farengeyt belgisining ifodalanishi ==
[[Unicode|Yunikod]] {{unichar|2109|farengeyt darajasi}} kod nuqtasida Farengeyt belgisini taqdim etadi. Ammo, bu eski kodlash tizimlari bilan oʻzaro moslikni taʼminlash uchun kiritilgan muvofiqlashtirilgan belgidir. Yunikod standarti ushbu belgidan foydalanishdan ochiqchasiga qaytaradi: „{{unichar|00B0|daraja belgisi}} + {{unichar|0046|lotincha bosh harf f}} ketma-ketligi {{unichar|2109|farengeyt darajasi}} belgisidan koʻra afzalroq hisoblanadi va qidiruv vaqtida bu ikkala ketma-ketlik bir xil deb qaralishi lozim“<ref>{{cite book
|title=The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0
|date=2015-yil avgust
|publisher=The Unicode Consortium
|location=Mountain View, CA, USA
|isbn=978-1-936213-10-8 |section=22.2
|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode8.0.0/ch22.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905122611/http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode8.0.0/ch22.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-05 |url-status=live
|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>.

== ''Farengeyt boʻyicha 451 daraja'' ==
''[[Farengeyt boʻyicha 451 daraja (kitob)|Farengeyt boʻyicha 451 daraja]]'' amerikalik yozuvchi [[Ray Bradbury]]ning [[Distopiya|distopik]] [[roman]]idir<ref name="reid_p53_1">{{cite book|last=Reid|first=Robin Anne |author-link=Robin Anne Reid |title=Ray Bradbury: A Critical Companion|url=https://archive.org/details/raybradburycriti0000reid|series=Critical Companions to Popular Contemporary Writers|year=2000|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, CT|isbn=0-313-30901-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/raybradburycriti0000reid/page/53 53]|quote=''Fahrenheit 451'' is considered one of Bradbury's best works.}}</ref>. Ray Bradbury asariga uning mazmunidan kelib chiqqan holda nom bergan edi. Chunki ushbu haroratda qogʻoz oʻz-oʻzidan yonib ketadi. Lekin qogʻoz Farengeyt shkalasi boʻyicha emas, balki Selsiy shkalasi boʻyicha 450 darajadan birozgina yuqoriroq haroratda yonadi. Yozuvchi romaniga nom tanlashda oʻt oʻchirish xizmati xodimidan maslahat olgan va ushbu xodim harorat shkalalarini adashtirgani sababli muallif asarni xato nomlab qoʻygan<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://kh-davron.uz/kutubxona/jahon/rey-bredberi-farengeyt-boyicha-451-daraja-nuriddin-egamov-kitob-kotargan-odam.html |sarlavha=Rey Bredberi. Farengeyt boʻyicha 451 daraja & Nuriddin Egamov. Kitob koʻtargan odam {{!}} Xurshid Davron kutubxonasi |sana=2018-11-16 |qaralgan sana=2024-12-17 |muallif=Nuriddin Egamov |vebsayt=kh-davron.uz}}</ref>.

== Yana qarang ==
* [[Selsiy shkalasi]]
* [[Kelvin (oʻlchov birligi)|Kelvin]]
* [[Reomyur gradusi|Reomyur shkalasi]]

== Izohlar ==
<references group="izoh"/>

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar|2}}

== Havolalar ==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/200226/Daniel-Gabriel-Fahrenheit Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (Polshada tugʻilgan golland fizigi) – Encyclopædia Britannica]
* [https://enfilade18thc.com/2012/10/03/fahrenheit-thermometer-at-auction/ „Auksionda | Fahrenheit yasagan uchta asl termometrning biri“] 2012-yildagi ''Christieʼs'' auksioniga qoʻyilgan Fahrenheit yasagan simobli termometr sotuviga oid ''Enfilade''ning sahifasi
** [https://enfilade18thc.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/press-release1.pdf ''Christieʼs'' press-relizi]
* [https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/si-units-temperature „SI birliklari — Harorat“]. ''NIST'' (Standartlar va texnologiyalar milliy instituti (AQSh Savdo departamenti)). 2019-yil 15-noyabr. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 25-fevral.

{{Harorat shkalalari}}
{{Imperial oʻlchov birliklari |holat=yigʻilgan}}
[[Turkum:Harorat shkalalari]]
[[Turkum:Harorat oʻlchov birliklari]]
[[Turkum:Imperial oʻlchov birliklari]]